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Sri Lanka,
in full, Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka,
island republic in the Indian Ocean, lying off the southeastern tip of the
Indian subcontinent. The Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannār separate Sri Lanka
from India. The Arabian Sea lies to the west, the Bay of Bengal to the
northeast, and the Indian Ocean to the south. Colombo, situated on the
western coast, is the largest city and the commercial capital of Sri Lanka.
The administrative capital is Sri Jayawardenepura (Kotte), located about 16
km (about 10 mi) east of Colombo. The population of Sri Lanka is about 20 million. Ethnic groups include the Sinhalese, who form the majority of the population, and the Tamils, who form the largest minority group. Agriculture is the largest sector of the economy in terms of employment, but manufacturing generates the majority of export earnings. Sri Lanka has a democratic political system, with a directly elected president as head of state.
Sinhalese and Tamil kingdoms
ruled the island now known as Sri Lanka from ancient times until the
1500s, when Europeans established colonial rule. First the Portuguese,
then the Dutch, and finally the British colonized the island. The island
was a Portuguese colony from 1517 to 1658, a Dutch colony from 1658 to
1796, and a British colony from 1796 to 1948. The British colony, called
Ceylon, gained independence in 1948. The newly independent nation retained
the name Ceylon until the 1972 constitution renamed it Sri Lanka. Since
independence Sri Lanka has maintained a democratic, multiparty system of
government.
The island of Sri Lanka is roughly pear-shaped. The Jaffna Peninsula forms a stemlike extension in the north. The total area of Sri Lanka is 65,610 sq km (25,332 sq mi). The greatest length, from north to south, is 440 km (270 mi). The greatest width, from east to west across the island’s broad southern portion, is 220 km (140 mi). Sri Lanka’s coastline extends a length of about 1,340 km (about 833 mi). The land of Sri Lanka can be divided into three geographic zones that correspond to elevation: the central highlands, the lowland plains, and the coastal belt. The central highlands include numerous mountains, plateaus, and valleys. Pidurutalagala, the highest point in Sri Lanka, rises 2,524 m (8,281 ft) in the central highlands. In contrast, the elevation of the surrounding plains ranges from 90 m (300 ft) to sea level. The plains are broadest in the north. The coastal belt rises about 30 m (about 100 ft) above sea level. Lagoons, sand beaches, sand dunes, and marshes predominate along the coast, although steep rocky cliffs are found in the northeast and southwest. Rivers and Lakes The rivers of Sri Lanka originate in the central highlands. From there they descend to the plains and empty into the sea. The rivers are typically unnavigable in their higher reaches, where they flow swiftly and turbulently through highly eroded passages to the plains below. Many rivers descend over steep cliffs, forming spectacular waterfalls. In their lower courses, the rivers slowly meander through flood plains and deltas.
The longest river of Sri Lanka,
the Mahaweli, traverses a course of about 330 km (about 205 mi). It flows
northeastward across the central highlands and empties into the Bay of
Bengal near the port of Trincomalee, on the eastern coast. The country’s
second longest river is the Aravi Aru, traversing about 220 km (about 135
mi) on a northwestward course, from the central highlands to the Gulf of
Mannār.
Sri Lanka has no natural
lakes. Dams on the Mahaweli and other rivers have created large
reservoirs. In addition, a series of small reservoirs called tanks dot
the north central plains, storing water during the dry season. Some of
the tanks were constructed as many as 2,000 years ago.
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Climate Sri Lanka has a tropical climate with monsoons (large-scale wind systems that reverse direction seasonally). Most temperature variation in the country is determined by elevation rather than season, with cooler temperatures at higher elevations. The average monthly temperature in the lowlands ranges from 26° to 31°C (78° to 87°F) year-round. Temperatures at Nuwara Eliya, situated at an elevation of 1,525 m (5,000 ft) in the central highlands, range from 13°C (55°F) in December to 20°C (70°F) in May.
The monsoons bring two distinct
periods of heavy rainfall to Sri Lanka. From May to October the southwest
monsoon brings moisture-laden air from the Indian Ocean. From December to
March the northeast monsoon brings moisture-laden air from the Bay of
Bengal.
These monsoon patterns
combine with Sri Lanka’s surface features to create two climatic zones
in the country: a wet zone in the southwest and a dry zone in the north
and east. The wet zone is inundated with rain during both monsoon
seasons, with some rainfall between the monsoons as well. The western
slopes of the central highlands are the wettest area of the country,
receiving average precipitation of more than 3,810 mm (150 in) each
year.
In contrast, the dry zone
usually receives rain only during the northeast monsoon. Periods of
drought are common during the summer months. This zone has average
annual precipitation of less than 1,905 mm (75 in). The driest parts
of the zone along the northwestern and southeastern coasts receive
about 1,270 mm (about 50 in) of rain each year.
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